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Students working toward a private pilot certificate will need to undergo a routine medical examination administered by an FAA-designated doctor called an aviation medical examiner (AME). If the appropriate medical standards are met, the AME will issue you a student pilot certificate.
Students working toward a sport pilot certificate can receive a student pilot certificate from a Standards District Office (FSDO) or FAA-designated pilot examiner simply by showing a valid U.S. driver’s license.
A student pilot certificate is not necessary to begin flight training.
The student pilot certificate is valid as long as the third-class medical certificate; until the last day of the month, two to five years from the month it was issued. For a private pilot certificate it is valid for two years if you are over 40 years old, and five years if you are under 40. For a sport pilot certificate, it is valid for five years.
Once a student has accrued sufficient training and experience, a CFI can endorse the student's certificate to authorize limited solo flight in a specific type (make and model) of aircraft. A student pilot may not carry passengers, fly in furtherance of a business, or operate an aircraft outside of the various endorsements provided by the flight instructor.
You MUST obtain a student pilot certificate before you are allowed to fly solo.